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Archive for the ‘Operating Systems’ Category

INTRODUCTION:

The Media has been rightly referred to as the fourth estate by Edmund Burke and Thomas Carlyle. The role of the Media today, as the ‘fourth power’ which exercises a check on and counterbalances the three organs of authority cannot be undermined. In order to ensure that there are no hindrances in the path of the Mass Media, so that it may function effectively, the freedom of press has been provided as an inherent right under Article 19 (1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. This has been upheld by several judgments as well, such as in the case of Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950 AIR 124), wherein it was stated by the apex court that freedom of speech and expression includes freedom of propagation of ideas and that freedom is ensured by the freedom of circulation. Further, the freedom of press was again upheld in the landmark judgment of Bennett Coleman & Co. & Ors v. Union of India & Ors (1973 SCR (2) 757), as forming an important part of the freedom of speech and expression.

The reason as to why the Media has been granted such freedom is primarily because the citizen’s ‘right to know’ is an important element of the fundamental freedom of speech and expression. Thus, in order to ensure that there is free dissemination of information, it is necessary that we have free and fearless Mass Media in our country. In fact in the recent past, the importance of the Media has increased manifold because of which reliance is now being placed on the media to act as a watchdog in place of the opposition owing to general distrust and collapsing standards in public life.

This has increased particularly due to the emergence of audio and visual media which has a greater impact on the public than print media. The satellite revolution of the 1990s led to a significant increase in the number of television channels and other media. It may be seen that fierce competition between several media groups has in fact led to sensationalisation of information to attract public attention, for increase in TRP s. One of the many results of that is what is commonly known today as a ‘sting operation’.

What is a Sting Operation?

There is no precise definition of a sting operation. It is essentially a deceptive operation designed to catch a person in the act of committing a crime. It generally involves a law enforcement officer or any other cooperative member of the public who acts as an accomplice or victim of the suspect, so as to gather direct evidence incriminating the suspect. It is commonly found in countries like the United States and is not permitted in various other countries such as Sweden, the Netherlands, etc. In India, it is mostly seen in the form of sting operations being carried on by the Mass Media.

In order to understand the concept of sting operations better, it would now be imperative to discuss a few cases dealing with the same.

Sting Operations in the Past

(a) The Tehelka case-

One of the biggest sting operations carried out in the country was that of Operation West End in 2001 which is popularly known as the Tehelka scam. This was a sting operation to expose corruption in the defense ministry, where reporters posing as arms salesmen approached the then Defence Minister, Mr. George Fernandes and Bharatiya Janata Party President, Mr. Bangaru Lakshman. The two were caught in the operation and it ultimately led to their resignation from their respective posts. Further, evidence was allegedly found against Mr. L.K. Advani as regards the Indo-Israeli deal to provide border fencing and communication systems but the same was apparently not disclosed. However, the Tehelka operation came under a lot of criticism particularly due to conflicting statements being made by the Tehelka chief and the journalist who carried out the operation, Mathew Samuel with respect to Mr. Advani’s involvement in the entire issue. Certain pertinent questions were raised such as –

Why did two journalists who were part of the same investigation, report differently about the matter?
The Tehelka chief reportedly stated that the two persons being taped first made disclosures before Mr. Samuel and thereafter replicated the same before him. What was the need to replicate such information? Was the former a mere camera rehearsal?
What was the reason behind releasing only select portions of nearly 100 hours of tape? Was there actually some sort of hidden political agenda sought to be achieved by way of the tapes?
The tapes exposed some of the top brass of the then government and the two major ‘victims’ of this operation have been speculated as having been caught as they were some of the biggest rivals of Mr. Advani at the time.

So, whether or not the operation was in fact the doing of a responsible media or a mere sham, we will never know.

(b) Cash-for-queries scam-

Another controversial issue which came up during a sting operation was the Cash-for-queries scandal in 2005. Also known as Operation Duryodhana, it came to the forefront when it was alleged that the UPA Government which was in power at the time bribed eleven Parliamentarians in return for asking questions. The operation led to the expulsion of the tainted members of the Parliament. It was also alleged that the journalists, Aniruddha Bahal and Suhasini Raj who had carried out the operation were driven by motives of profit. It was also ironical as to how the Police prosecuted the journalists despite the fact that Parliamentary committees found the members guilty of misconduct. Thereafter, the journalists appealed to the Delhi High Court which upheld the legality of the operation.

(c) MPLAD scam-

Another such scandal was the Members of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scam which was titled as Operation Chakravyuh. It occurred almost immediately after the Cash-for-queries scandal and exposed corruption in the allotment of work for the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme. The scandal involved then Goa Chief Minister and Lok Sabha member, Churcil Alemao, BJP MP, Fagan Singh Kulaste and Samajwadi Party MP, Toofani Saroj, who was later proved to be honest. This scam however did not receive much media coverage owing to the Cash-for-queries scam.

Sting Operations and the Judiciary-

Certain important judicial responses in this aspect may further be studied so as to understand the concept better.

In Court On Its Own Motion v. State, (146(2008) DLT429), certain guidelines were given by the Delhi  High Court as regards sting operations after there was false reporting of a school teacher, Uma Khurana’s involvement in a prostitution racket. These include the following-

The Court argued against the entrapment of a person even if it was to further the ‘public interest.’ The right to privacy of a person is to be respected unless there is a larger interest involved.
A channel proposing to telecast a sting operation had to obtain a certificate from the person who recorded or produced it saying that it was genuine to the best of his or her knowledge.
The channel has to obtain permission from a committee appointed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to telecast the sting operation.
While the transcript of the recordings could be edited, the films and tapes cannot be edited. Both edited and unedited tapes have to be produced before the Committee.
The chief editor of the channel is responsible for self regulation and he has to ensure that all statutory requirements have been adhered to.
Reports or current events cannot deliberately be presented as true and any unverified or inaccurate facts must be avoided, so as to prevent trial by media so that the public does not get misled.
Deliberately overplaying certain parts while underplaying others is also not to be allowed.
Reports should not be such as to create alarm or panic or amount to incitement to commit any crime.
Media to observe general standards of decency, having regard of the sentiments of viewers, particularly that of children.

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Another important issue at the Delhi High Court as regards such operation was the Cash-for-queries scam as has been seen earlier. The Delhi High Court in September 2010 upheld the legality of the sting operation conducted by journalists Aniruddha Bahal and Suhasini Raj in 2005 to expose corruption in the Union Parliament. The Delhi Police had previously charged the journalists under the Prevention of Corruption Act for seeking to bribe the MP s. The prime issue which arose in this case was whether any citizen of this country can carry out such an operation and offer bribe to a public officer to expose corrupt practices. The single Delhi High Court judge opined that such a right flowed from the fundamental duty to cherish the noble ideals which inspired the freedom struggle as under Article 51A(b), and creating a corruption-free and independent India is one such ideal. It was also stated that this fundamental duty is linked with every other duty enshrined in Article 51A and more importantly, it is necessary to protect the sovereignty, integrity and unity of the country. Thus, what needs to be seen is that the judge equated the rights of these journalists to that of ordinary citizens, thereby entitling the protection of law to every citizen in such case. As regards offering bribes by the journalists is concerned, the learned judge was of the opinion that in the instant case, the intention of the journalists must be seen, which was clearly to expose corruption amongst the top brass of the government. Further, the journalists deposed truthfully before the Parliamentary committees investigating the matter and the same must be considered.

The journalists have now filed a caveat in the Supreme Court, in case the Delhi Police decides to file an appeal.

A recent case dealing with sting operations is the judgment given by the Supreme Court in Raja Ram Pal v The Hon’ble Speaker, Lok Sabha & Others, ((2007)3SCC184) concerning the Cash-for-queries scandal and the MPLAD scandal. In this case, certain members of Parliament had challenged their expulsion by way of writ petitions before the apex court. The expelled members contended that the journalists who had carried out the ‘sting operation’ had admitted to have received monetary and other benefits from the same. It was thus argued on behalf of the tainted MPs that these journalists were driven by motives of self and profit. However, the court held that irrespective of the fact as to whether or not there was any motive to extract money from such operations, the expulsion of the members is not invalid due to the conduct which they had exhibited.

However, it is not just the executive or the legislature which has come under the Media’s eye. The Supreme Court in its judgment in Vijay Shekhar v. Union of India, ((2004) 4 SCC 666) discussed about corruption in the judiciary and upheld that warrants obtained against certain eminent persons (including former President, Dr. Abdul Kalam and former Chief Justice of India, Mr. Y.K. Sabharwal) in pursuance of a sting operation to expose corruption in the subordinate courts of Gujarat were illegal. It was argued that these warrants had been fraudulently obtained. In fact, the then Chief Justice of India, Mr. K.G. Balakrishnan asked the journalist who had conducted the operation to tender an unconditional apology. A question would thus arise herein as to whether the judiciary was in fact trying to protect its own members while delivering such a judgment. Further, taking into consideration the principle of independence of the judiciary, was the Chief Justice entitled to hear a case in which he was probably interested himself?

Another case was the Judeo case which dealt with a sting operation which showed former environment minister Dilip Singh Judeo receiving a bribe from an Australian firm for mining rights in Chhatisgarh. This case came before the Supreme Court after Justice Markenday Katju of the Delhi High Court opined that such sting operations are essential to bring issues such as corruption to light. It was argued on behalf of the journalists that the media act as ‘whistleblowers’ in public life and thus cannot be prosecuted. However, the CBI on the other hand contended that even journalists involved in such sting operations may be prosecuted where there is active inducement to commit a crime by such persons or where there are other vested interests involved and not just public interest. The premier investigating agency of the country argued that law enforcement is solely within the ambit of the powers of the government. Others can merely assist the government, but they cannot take the law into their own hands. The CBI was of the opinion that any person carrying out such operations may be prosecuted under the Prevention of Corruption Act. The journalists in the instant case, they said, should have informed law enforcement agencies either prior to or immediately after carrying out the operation. Thus, it was reiterated that though the media acts as a guardian of the fundamental rights of citizens, it must do so responsibly.

Evidentiary issues-

It may hence be seen that the Media has to surpass various hurdles while carrying out such operations and the right to privacy of persons and the extent to which the media may assume the role of the police is not the only issue involved here. One of the major issues we face today is whether or not evidence gathered by way of sting operations is admissible. Some would argue that such evidence has been acquired by way of inducement or in a sense, even by way of fraud and is hence inadmissible. While there are others who believe that when there exists compelling evidence against an accused or suspect, the same must be admissible irrespective of the method by which it was obtained. This was also upheld in Pushpadevi M. Jatia v. M.L. Wadhawan, (AIR 1987 S.C. 1748.)

However, the question still remains as to whether evidence may be admitted against a person who was lured into committing an offence. In Sri. Bhardwaj Media Pvt. Ltd. v. State, (W.P. (Crl.) Nos. 1125 and 1126/2007), it was upheld that there would definitely be an increase in corruption where people who help unravel acts of corruption in an institution are prosecuted. Thus, the ‘factum of entrapment’ may be ignored keeping in mind the larger public interest.

Evidence received by way of sting operations may also be treated as being extra judicial confessions and thereby admissible in certain cases. Extra judicial confessions may sometimes even not require any corroboration. (Piara Singh v. State of Punjab, (1977) 4 S.C.C. at p. 459) However, the contrary view was held in Makhan Singh v. State of Punjab, (A.I.R. 1988 S.C. 1705), where confession to a witness for the purpose of seeking his help to save the accused was not accepted as evidence.

Law Commission Paper and Government proposals-

The Law Commission recently released a paper as regards sting operations in India and discussed the possibility of enacting a statute with respect to the same. The only statute in existence is probably the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 which clearly provides that “no programme can be transmitted/re-transmitted on any cable service which contains anything obscene, defamatory, deliberate, false and suggestive innuendos and half truths.” The Commission also highlighted the views of the Committee on Petitions of the Rajya Sabha which had earlier stated that a sting operation must be aired only where there is conclusive proof as regards the guilt of the accused. However, where public interest is shown, the version of the accused or suspect must also be aired simultaneously. The Committee on Petitions had also stated that punitive action must be taken against any party who makes available any false or fabricated information by way of such operation. It was opined that public interest must be balanced with the right to privacy of the individual and the latter must not be encroached upon. The Committee on Ethics too in the case of Operation Chakravyuh stated the same.

It must be noted that a regulatory authority known as the Broadcasting Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) has been proposed to be established by the Union Government under the Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill, 2007. A Content Code, revised in 2008 regulating content of news was however opposed by the media. Thereafter, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry has proposed setting up of a National Broadcasting Authority under statute. However, the same would not regulate content of news. The Ministry has also decided to come up with certain informal guidelines to check objectionable publications. Recently, the News Broadcasting Association and the News Broadcasting Standard Authority have been established which promote self regulation and have come up with a definite code of ethics.

Keeping in mind the fact that the judicial pronouncements so far have not explicitly dealt with the law relating to sting operations, the Law Commission has come up with a questionnaire in order to elicit public opinion as regards the issue at hand. The questionnaire puts forth important questions as regards immunity afforded to journalists who conduct such operations, the applicability of laws such as the Prevention of Corruption Act in such cases, the need of legislation, etc.

Problems faced-

However, this is not sufficient. One of the major problems that we face today is that there is no definite legislation or regulation specifically dealing with sting operations. The case law available is also very unclear on the subject. Another problem is as regards ascertaining the intention of the journalist conducting the operation, which was seen in the recent controversy surrounding the Radia tapes. There may be times when the operation is being carried out merely to advocate certain political propaganda.

Further, whether or not journalists are completely immune from prosecution under other laws is a debatable issue. It has often been asked as to whether such journalists may be held for making defamatory statements which may even ruin the reputation of an innocent person if such operations are not conducted cautiously as was seen in the case of Uma Khurana, the Delhi school teacher falsely caught on tape for trafficking of minor school girls.

Generally, only select portions which will attract more TRP s are broadcasted and the true story is not revealed.  Stiff competition in the market leading to sting operations being used as a major public attraction, causes decrease in actual news. In the entire process of tussle between rivaling media houses, public awareness on issues of greater importance gets affected. Thus there is a negative impact on the right to know of the people of the country, a freedom which must ideally be protected by the Media.

Conclusion- What is the solution to this problem?

So are there any possible solutions for these issues? Legislation would probably be the best answer to this problem. Sadly, the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act is the only legislative authority in place which discusses sting operations to a certain extent and upholds the validity of the same for the purposes of the Act. Thus, a definite statute or regulation must be enacted, setting out standards which must be followed by the media, without affecting the freedom of press to a great extent. Courts must formulate clear principles as to admissibility of evidence in such cases, keeping in mind the facts and circumstances. The Police force and other authorities must not be allowed to unnecessarily harass and prosecute media persons. A chance to be heard must be given to all and for that purpose, the version of the suspect must also be allowed to be broadcast simultaneously, so that the public gets a true picture of the entire situation. Further, care must be taken to minimise encroachment on the right to privacy of an individual even where public interest is involved. Defamatory material dealing with the private life of a person must as far as possible be regulated.

A code of conduct and self-regulation must be followed by every news agency and other media. Efforts must be made to ensure individual compliances at all levels and such a code must also be periodically reviewed. Punitive measures must be laid down in case any false or fraudulent sting operation is carried out, so that journalists may work cautiously and this would also create a sense of deterrence. The Journalist carrying out the operation must be made to sign an undertaking stating that the information being broadcast is true to the best of his knowledge. A statutory body may also be created to which the media shall give information as regards such operations either before or immediately after the completion of the operation. The concerned media house must also be required to obtain a license from the Information and Broadcasting Ministry in this regard.

However, it is not just important that such solutions be proposed. It must be ensured that these measures are in fact carried out. The right to know of the public must be protected both by the media as well as the government. It must be seen that public awareness is created as regards such issues and each person is given a fair opportunity to state his case. Ultimately what must be highlighted is not growing TRPs or illegally obtained profits. In fact, in stead of playing the blame game, the government and its organs, the Media being the fourth must be both responsive as well as responsible where such issues are involved.

way to the success of the company remains in good operating a franchise manual …

starting your business and make a triumphant effort it is for most people but the fact remains that it is too risky and not everyone who takes this path is attained success. It is your victory or not, and nobody wants to fail, is not it? If the business is your thing, you want to make it a success, so that the franchise is for you and it’s like the practice of using the model of another company as described successful businesses to manage their own business.

call to set up a company.} This is because the franchise business is already recognized business and is already a pro when it comes to glory, triumph and service. And because the franchise chain is the full technical support and other assistance are needed, you were also guaranteed a stress-free effort. Another thing is nicpleasant you do not even need a lot of training to go the efforts of your employees, because employees would be taught by the great franchise ensures that the best people ever … Benefits and much more! Therefore, the triumph of the business with just reached /> However, in order to ensure the success of your franchise, it would be useful if you want to teach valuable training tools, effective and appropriate practices in franchising and franchise operations have instructions. Because they contain and implement rules, standards and guidelines, what to do, is a franchise business manual as the bible of franchise

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• the statutory requirements
· Opening and closing procedures

· Accounting · Stock
· Procedure Security
· cleaning and health issues
Health • Health and safety routines

employees • Phone · How to dress standards

Procedures for Emergencies ·
· liaison with the franchisor
Operating System ·

All these things you will for a successful business through a franchise operations manual, why, if you want to start your own business can be conducted are conducted with the franchise, with the best guide.

Franchise Operations Manual

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start their own business and its success is that most people have a yearning, even if the reality is that it is too risky and not everyone who has successfully completed this course. It is either use, or you run out and nobody wants to fail, is not it? You want to go on a business trip and want to make certain success in that case, consider franchising system to benefit the business model of other successful businesses as your own business

franchising. Thanks and advantage is that the foundation of your business is no longer necessary. To build a business.} This is because the franchise business is already recognized business and is already a pro when it comes to glory, triumph and service. And because the franchise chain is the full technical support and other assistance are needed, you were also guaranteed a stress-free effort. Be training the staff of the big franchise managed so that you do not have to look so hard to train your employees are, the more you are the best employees are only guaranteed. Therefore, the triumph of the business with just reached /> However, in order to ensure the success of your franchise, it would be useful if you want to teach valuable training tools, effective and appropriate practices in franchising and franchise operations have instructions. Because they contain and define the rules, standards and guidelines, what to do, is a franchise business manual as the bible of franchise

These are things included in the Operations Manual a good franchise.

• The statutory requirements
· Opening and closing procedures

· Accounting · Stock
· Procedure Security
· cleaning and health issues
Health • Health and safety routines

employees • Phone · How to dress standards

Procedures for Emergencies ·
· liaison with the franchisor
Operating System ·

Franchise operations manuals may

daunting, especially for a company that has never written a manual thoroughly before using. Confused by the new business franchise, with its legal requirements, franchise disclosure documents, operating manuals, training, etc. to delegate responsibility for many businesses, a franchise consultant, high prices.

But to write with someone, your Franchise Operations Manual who knows literally nothing about your company, does not make sense when everything is considered objectively. And in addition to an exorbitant price of 000 € or more to write manuals, franchise consultants with a different result, expensive – legal risks. Here are some tips for writing strategies and a recognized expert in international business fields.

Pay someone who knows nothing about your company and have to learn it from scratch, your money is really just common sense. The use of consultants for this franchise is relatively easy and just never make sense – except for franchise consultants who charge exorbitant amounts for writing an operations manual. Is one of those little secrets franchise consultant never mentioned or discussed.

leads to write the use of a franchise consultant for a franchise operations manual also includes legal risks. The biggest risk is particularly inappropriate legal topics, chapters and policies that are often found together in the chain of operations manuals. If included, since they are often manually franchise in franchise mode, very important questions of liability arise. Because the franchise consultants are not lawyers or experts, franchise, they are unaware of this risk. You do not know where the bullets come out of a franchise dispute. As a consultant and franchise consultancy, Franchise Operations Manual I find regularly by the consultants franchise-written and do-it-yourself manuals chapters or inappropriate topics. And because it uses textbooks to text for other customers, the (hopefully) all instances of hamburgers, are, for example, find and replace with tax returns, the final n base is not only dangerous – it is also very bad. Give a poor manual operations to a franchisee, the hundreds of thousands (or in some cases, millions) invested dollars in your franchise model is certainly not the best way to start a relationship or to ensure franchise in / based> In addition to the costly and risky approach, it is legally a different, more practical approach to franchise nearly three decades of writing, editing and reviewing hundreds of franchise operations manuals. The essence of this approach is also common sense – let the real experts in your company to write the manual. In general, this person is the founder of the company, or a small team of leadership who know the trade inside and outside. While a franchise expert should be involved in the process, the role of experts is limited to a capacity planning and editing.

The process begins with the planning and development of contents for the franchise operations manual. This implies that all relevant chapters and topics are included, and are not unreasonable. Knowledge about best practices, franchising is essential here, so entering a franchise expert and planning is so important. Since most franchise operations manuals by reference into the franchise agreement (which is a Best Practice of the franchise) are installed, the franchise is also being investigated. Some specific information operations inadvertently included in the contract of lawyers, which is not a good thing. This should be moved or modified accordingly.

The second step is the person (s) in your company responsible for the preparation of samples of writing the manual, guidelines and instructions are provided. With this you can start by writing each chapter of the manual, using their knowledge of the operating system each day, week after week, etc. aspects of your business.

The third and final step is the expert franchise through each chapter as he reads and comments on the professionalism and appropriateness of the chapter of the franchise industry best practices and the franchise operator perspective.

The first two chapters are generally more difficult to write, how you or your managers learn and apply techniques of writing the operations manual, under the guidance of a professional editor. But then it’s smooth sailing through the balance of the document. This approach creates a professional to use, easy to update and Franchise Operations Manual. It also ensures a more efficient use of resources and talents, and removed with a franchise consultant, 000 or more for this relatively simple task to pay. Whether a company ultimately franchises, planning, documentation and implementation of standard operating procedures and systems via operating instructions, as Blue Chip franchise and non-franchise business is any business to operate efficiently and competitively. In a franchise, it provides a coherent and unified operations and helps employees with different skills taught to perform tasks in a consistent manner throughout the franchise network. Finally, it is important to the process of drafting a franchise operations manual never stops to realize. Since the business model developed, it is necessary that the operations manual – the ultimate reason why you writing the manual you with the sense of imminent launch.

management of an organization includes the planning, operation and improvement of systems, and create the goods and services the company provide. From an organizational point of view, than the direct management of administrative resources that are defined for the manufacture and supply of goods and services organization. Operations management is an area of ??activity that is involved in the production of goods and services, and includes the responsibility to ensure that transactions are efficient and effective. It is also the management of resources and the distribution of goods and services to customers. However, people tend to perform operations with the goal of applied research to ignore.

In the 1940s, scientists established reputation took up the challenge to try to understand a variety of common procedures in military operations. Their team performance was Operations Research and the center of their attention was the science of military systems. Therefore, the war of 11 the world with its complex problems of logistics and control of weapon systems design, provided the impetus for the development of interdisciplinary, field-oriented Mathematics of Operations Research. (CO).

Operations Research, or just, or is an interdisciplinary science, the scientific methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and uses algorithms for decision making in complex real world problems dealing with the coordination and execution of operations within an organization. The type of organization is essentially immaterial. The intention behind the possible use of this science is to get the best possible solution for improving a scientific problem, and optimizing the performance of the organization. Operations Research brings so together practitioners in various fields such as mathematics, psychology and economics specialists, etc. in these areas usually formed a team to structure and analyze a problem in quantitative terms, so that an optimal mathematical solution can be achieved . OR now offers many sophisticated quantitative tools in operations management (OM).

Operations Research also works closely with industrial engineering, that more than a technical perspective, and industrial engineers typically consider refers technical or most of their tools.

Some of the most important tools used by operations research statistics, optimization and simulation. Due to the nature of these fields or calculation also regularly links to data and operations researchers wrote custom software or off-the-shelf. Operations research is its ability to look at and improve an entire system, rather than only on specific items (though this is often done) distinction. A research operations are facing a new problem is expected to determine which techniques are best improved given the nature of the system objectives and constraints of time and computing power. For this reason and others, the human element of the RO is vital. Like all other tools or techniques can not solve problems by themselves.

Some examples of applications in which operations research are currently being used include, designing the layout of a factory for the efficient flow of materials, construction of a telecommunications network at low cost while maintaining service especially when the compounds are very too busy to be damaged or that determine the road traffic management and road allowances “in a sense,” the school bus, so that as few buses as possible, design requires the arrangement of a computer chip to production time ( and thus cost reductions) to reduce, manage the flow of raw materials and products in a supply chain roboticizing based on uncertain demand for finished products, the effective messaging and customer response tactics, or the automation is controlled by human processes, operations, the process of globalization of operations to take advantage of cheaper materials, labor, productivity or other entries, to management of transportation and distribution systems, network traffic data: queue these as models or systems for the queue, sporting events and their coverage, the mixture materials from known materials in oil refineries, etc., etc.

There is a lack of focus on operations management in the postwar years were, ii, for many reasons.

(2) In the above-mentioned conditions, the lack of foreign competition until the last few years has led to a lack of focus on operations management, as most countries n ‘were not so serious the infiltration of the global market, with the collapse of technological power before the war.

It is also important to note about the resurgence of interest in OM you today, especially with the reasoning as follows:

The ever-rising standard of living in society is one of the most important factors that inspired the interest in the management of the operations of today. Operations management can increase productivity and better quality of goods and services. High productivity is the result of increased operational efficiency, which in turn in low-cost products and services. Increased productivity and provide consumers with more discretionary income, the higher its standard of living cintr9butes. The increased use of automation and robotics is also improving product quality.

Most companies now have the challenge for manufacturers of environmentally friendly products, while ecological processes that fall under the single leadership.

Technological advances in recent years also have significant effects on the function of operations management. Information technology (IT) allows us now to the customer to collect data in detail so that we can customize products to meet the needs of individual customers’ needs ..

Operations Management provides a systematic approach to organizational processes. OM uses analytical thinking to address real world problems. It sharpens our understanding of the world around us, when we speak to compete in terms of dealing with competitors or the number of lines to the window of the bank employees added.

OM presents exciting career opportunities that can be the direct supervision of the operations or are in positions of OM-specialties such as quality assurance.

However, the reality is not always the same. The technology has raised the bar for production and services enables companies to focus on several dimensions (low cost, quality, delivery speed, customization, etc.) compete simultaneously lifted. For example, companies that produce technologies such as Dell computer quickly and deliver customized products at a competitive price.

Automation is the result of technological progress, which are for the operation of an automated production process. Some important developments in the automation of manufacturing processes including machining centers, CNC machines, industrial robots, computer-aided design and manufacturing systems, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing and islands of automation.

Advances in technology, including automated equipment improves, speech recognition systems, high-speed lines for data transmission such as broadband and faster and more powerful computers have also had a significant impact on performance. Contribute to the growing trend in the service sector is the fact that large amounts of data are readily available and can be transmitted over long distances at lower cost. Increased self-service, reduced the importance of the location and the time-dependent operations does not depend on the time and increasing disintermediation are results of technological progress in services. Technology has also created the concept of global village and green for the good of humanity as a reaction to negative impacts such as the mechanization of the human elements in a factory, for example.

In these circumstances, the author considers the future role of the function of the OM as follows:

In the new world of e-business, the competition takes on a new intensity and a variety of flavors. The particular dynamics of the international online market often requires companies, several strategies to pursue simultaneous and apparently contradictory. To find out what is possible and beneficial, companies must learn to think smarter and act faster – as the worst they can imagine competitors. This means that over the leadership to another level – “jump” to one that allows a company competition

International e-business success begins with world-class supply chain management and supply. provides an essential infrastructure component of today’s business world should not be overlooked. E-business is of course the future, and business-to-business (B2B) component is the leadership role in defining what success will look like in the future. Also in this emerging world of business, is adapting to constant change is an important ingredient to prove the success. The future role of management should seriously consider the above factors taker when a company tries to gain and maintain competitive advantage.

Future prospects are difficult to estimate, and modify many programs are built on limited information. When decisions are often made on the basis of past successes and failures of internal and market analysis on facts.

Company goals often change, but without a complete picture of the current environment, so that is the result of the change not considered optimal, or the cost of change means considered too high to generate a net benefit.Too many Business Process Re-engineering projects were launched with high expectations and end up with disappointing results.

strategy should be based on concrete knowledge of the market capacity, methods and procedures, so must the specific operational objectives are clearly articulated and demonstrated. To create a framework to describe accurately, current and future business development in order to increase trust and credibility in the process of change and improvement.

Operations management is concerned as an area with production of goods and services that we come in contact every day in the domestic life. Without effective execution of operations that can not exist a modern industrial society. The operations are the engine that creates wealth for the company and supports the global economy.

manager, but important tasks in the service sector as well (80% in services in the United States), such as hotels, banks, airlines, stores, etc. In each of these organizations are operating manager responsible for the provision of service delivery Like their colleagues in making the delivery of goods.

Increase the productivity of the operation, the ratio of output to input is the primary basis for the creation of wealth. A company can grow to be executed if they have a higher productivity than their domestic and foreign competitors by Ling. The tasks of the future manager operations can not be removed from the creation of wealth. Should be the manager for the future operation of sensitive and controversial today in the creation of prosperity by improving productivity.